Ever wondered what astronauts can or cannot eat in space? Or what goes behind the planning of nutrition for a space mission in science labs? Fun fact: astronauts can now eat pizza in space!
How does the digestive system function in space?
An immense amount of microbiomes in your digestive system are working to keep it healthy, such as bacteria. However, in outer space, when microgravity is involved, it exerts these tiny little forces that can degrade your calcium levels and energy intake. Microgravity can also slow the growth of good bacteria; however, some bacteria, like E. coli, sustain microgravity conditions. There are reports of higher virulence in bacteria strains, which can raise concerns for the efficiency of antibiotics.
How will the gastrointestinal function in microgravity?
The contractions of muscles that move through the digestive tract, which are involuntary, seemingly function normally in microgravity environments. Although the time it takes for food or liquid to transport, ingestion to be eliminated will most likely elevate. Nutrient absorption is also influenced by the bodily fluids being altered, which is important for health.
The amount of energy and nutrients needed.
Astronauts strictly need approximately between 2,500 and 3,500 calories a day. Although it depends on gender, age, and physical activity level. Taking calories is so important for obtaining a balanced energy level, which can also prevent bone and muscle degradation. The energy required, of course,e is different in outer space than on Earth. Astronauts greatly need a larger portion of carbohydrates and proteins than on Earth. Carbohydrates are fundamental to being able to do overly demanding tasks physically. Vitamins like vitamin A, some types of vitamin B, and vitamin C. Most Importantly, calcium and iron. These minerals aid in the health of the immune system. This is due to the metabolism being altered in microgravity.
Nutrition plan for missions
NASA has taken the initiative to curate nutrition plans for astronauts. This is dependent on the demand of the mission or the individual health of the astronauts. Dietary supplements could be needed for nutrient deficiencies, which is needed during long missions like Artemis and Mars
Food preparation and its quality
The selection of food for space missions goes deeper into nutrition. Taste, appearance variety, and the psychological perceptions of the astronauts are considered. The advancement of food technology has led to the diversity of food options for astronauts. Some of these meals consisted of semi-fluids.
There have been safety standards implemented to ensure safe packaging of the food as well. There have been nutritional standards set by NASA’s Space Food Systems Laboratory and Food Research Facility. They strictly state that meals should be lightweight, very compact, and pleasant to taste.
There are mechanisms to preserve the food used in space, like thermostabilization and freeze-drying. Freeze drying can eliminate moisture in the food to prevent spoilage. Thermostabilization, which is heat processed, kills bacteria and enzymes that are harmful. These mechanisms will ensure the safety of the astronauts' nutrients.
Recent advances in technology
The International Space Station (ISS) implemented hydroponics, 3D-printed meals, and algae-based diets.
Conclusion
The space industry has put a large emphasis on nutrition development for astronauts. Being aware of the physiological differences in astronauts in outer space and taking their expertise to combat the nutrition conflicts in a different environment.
Written By: Waldina Dordonne
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Frontiers in Physiology. (2024). Advancements in space physiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1284644. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1284644/full
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